Environment PYQs

Consider the following statements: Statement I: Studies indicate that carbon dioxide emissions from cement industry account for more than 5% of global carbon emissions. Statement II: Silica-bearing clay is mixed with limestone while manufacturing cement. Statement III: Limestone is converted into lime during clinker production for cement manufacturing. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

Consider the following statements: I. Carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions in India are less than 0.5 t CO₂/capita. II. In terms of CO₂ emissions from fuel combustion, India ranks second in Asia-Pacific region. III. Electricity and heat producers are the largest sources of CO₂ emissions in India. Which of the statements given above is/ are correct?

Artificial way of causing rainfall to reduce air pollution makes use of:

According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), which one of the following is the largest source of sulphur dioxide emissions?

Consider the following: 1. Pyroclastic debris 2. Ash and dust 3. Nitrogen compounds 4. Sulphur compounds How many of the above are products of volcanic eruptions?

Consider the following statements: Statement-I: Many chewing gums found in the market are considered a source of environmental pollution. Statement-II: Many chewing gums contain plastic as gum base. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

With reference to perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) that are used in making many consumer products, consider the following statements: 1. PFAS are found to be widespread in drinking water, food, and food packaging materials. 2. PFAS are not easily degraded in the environment. 3. Persistent exposure to PFAS can lead to bioaccumulation in animal bodies. Which of the statements given above are correct?

Consider the following: 1. Aerosols 2. Foam agents 3. Fire retardants 4. Lubricants In the making of how many of the above are hydrofluorocarbons used?

Consider the following statements regarding mercury pollution: 1. Gold mining activity is a source of mercury pollution in the world. 2. Coal-based thermal power plants cause mercury pollution. 3. There is no known safe level of exposure to mercury. How many of the above statements are correct?

With reference to polthylene terepthalate, the use of which is so widespread in our daily lives, consider the following statements : 1. Its fibres can be blended with wool and cotton fibres to reinforce their properties 2. Containers made of it can be used to store any alcoholic beverage. 3. Bottles made of it can be recycled into other products. 4. Articles made of it can be easily disposed of by incineration without causing greenhouse gas emissions. Which of the statements given above are correct?

Magnetite particles, suspected to cause neurodegenerative problems, are generated as environmental pollutants from which of the following? 1. Brakes of motor vehicles 2. Engines of motor vehicles 3. Microwave stoves within homes 4. Power plants 5. Telephone lines Select the correct answer using the code given below.

Why is there a concern about copper smelting plants? 1.They may release lethal quantities of carbon monoxide into the environment. 2.The copper slag can cause the leaching of some heavy metals into the environment. 3.They may release sulfur dioxide as a pollutant. Select the correct answer using the code given below:

‘Triclosan’, considered harmful when exposed to high levels for a long time, is most likely present in which of the following?

Bisphenol A (BPA), a cause of concern, is a structural/key component in the manufacture of which of the following kinds of plastics?

With reference to furnace oil, consider the following statements: 1.It is a product of oil refineries. 2.Some industries use it to generate power. 3.Its use causes sulfur emissions into the environment. Which of the statements given above are correct?

Consider the following statements: 1. Coal ash contains arsenic, lead and mercury. 2. Coal-fired power plants release sulphur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen into the environment. 3. High ash content is observed in Indian coal. Which of the statements given above is/ are correct?

Which of the following are the reasons/factors for exposure to benzene pollution? (1) Automobile exhaust (2) Tobacco smoke (3) Wood burning (4) Using varnished wooden furniture (5) Using products made of polyurethane Select the correct answer using the code given below:

In India, the use of carbofuran, methyl parathion, phorate and triazophos is viewed with apprehension. These chemicals are used as

Why is there a great concern about the ‘microbeads’ that are released into environment?

Consider the following: 1. Carbon monoxide 2. Methane 3. Ozone 4. Sulphur dioxide Which of the above are released into atmosphere due to the burning of crop/ biomass residue

Consider the following pairs : Commonly used / Unwanted or consumed materials controversial chemicals likely to be found in them 1. Lipstick — Lead 2. Soft drinks — Brominated vegetable oils 3. Chinese fast food — Monosodiumglutamate Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?

Which of the following adds/add carbon dioxide to the carbon cycle on the planet Earth? 1. Volcanic action 2. Respiration 3. Photosynthesis 4. Decay of organic matter Select the correct answer using the code given below.

Brominated flame retardants are used in many household products like mattresses and upholstery. Why is there some concern about their use? 1. They are highly resistant to degradation in the environment. 2. They are able to accumulate in humans and animals. Select the correct answer using the code given below:

There is some concern regarding the nanoparticles of some chemical elements that are used by the industry in the manufacture of various products. Why? 1. They can accumulate in the environment and contaminate water and soil. 2. They can enter the food chains. 3. They can trigger the production of free radicals. Select the correct answer using the code given belowBrominated

Which of the following are some important pollutants released by steel industry in India? 1. Oxides of sulphur 2. Oxide of nitrogen 3. Carbon monoxide 4. Carbon dioxide Select the correct answer using the code given below:

Photochemical smog is a resultant of the reaction among

Which of the following can be found as pollutants in the drinking water in some parts of India? (1). Arsenic (2). Sorbitol (3). Fluoride (4). Formaldehyde (5). Uranium Select the correct answer using the codes given below.

Due to improper/indiscriminate disposal of old and used computers or their parts, which of the following are released into the environment as e-waste? (1). Beryllium (2). Cadmium (3). Chromium (4). Heptachlor (5). Mercury (6). Lead (7). Plutonium Select the correct answer using the codes given below.

Consider the following statements: Chlorofluorocarbons, known as ozone depleting substances, are used 1. In the production of plastic foams 2. In the production of tubeless tyres 3. In cleaning certain electronic components 4. As pressurizing agents in aerosol cans Which of the statements given above is/ are correct?

Lead, ingested or inhaled, is a health hazard. After the addition of lead to petrol has been banned, what still are the sources of lead poisoning? 1. Smelting units 2. Pens and pencils 3. Paints 4. Hair oils and cosmetics Select the correct answer using the code given below:

There is a concern over the increase in harmful algal blooms in the seawater of India. What could be the causative factors for this phenomenon? 1. Discharge of nutrients from the estuaries. 2. Run-off from the land during the monsoon. 3. Upwelling in the seas.

Consider the following: 1. Carbon dioxide 2. Oxides of nitrogen 3. Oxides of Sulphur Which of the above is/are the emission/emissions from coal combustion at thermal power plants?

Due to their extensive rice cultivation, some regions may be contributing to global warming. To what possible reason/ reasons is this attributable? 1. The anaerobic conditions associated with rice cultivation cause the emission of methane. 2. When nitrogen based fertilizers are used, nitrous oxide is emitted from the cultivated soil. Which of the statements given above is/ are correct?

Which of the above are sources of methane, a major greenhouse gas?

What is Bisphenol A (BPA)?

At the United Nations Ocean Conference (UNOC) held in June, 2025 in France, the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) of the United Nations demonstrated its leading voice on marine and ocean issues, especially on sustainable fisheries and aquaculture for resilient livelihood and ‘Blue Transformation’. Which of the following combinations about the ‘Four Betters’ proposed by FAO for ‘Blue Transformation’ is correct?”

The World Bank warned that India could become one of the first places where wet-bulb temperatures routinely exceed 35°C. Which of the following statements best reflect(s) the implication of the abovesaid report? I. Peninsular India will most likely suffer from flooding, tropical cyclones and droughts. II. The survival of animals including humans will be affected as shedding of their body heat through perspiration becomes difficult. Select the correct answer using the code given below.

Which organization has enacted the Nature Restoration Law (NRL) to tackle climate change and biodiversity loss?

Consider the following statements: Statement-I: The European Parliament approved the Net-Zero Industry Act recently. Statement-II: The European Union intends to achieve carbon neutrality by 2040 and therefore aims to develop all of its own clean technology by that time. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

Which one of the following is the correct description of “100 Million Farmers”?

Invasive Species Specialist Group’ (that develops Global Invasive Species Database) belongs to which one of the following organizations?

Consider the following statements : 1. “The Climate Group” is an international non-profit organisation that drives climate action by building large networks and runs them. 2. The International Energy Agency in partnership with the Climate Group launched a global initiative “EP100”. 3. EP100 brings together leading companies committed to driving innovation in energy efficiency and increasing competitiveness while delivering on emission reduction goals. 4. Some Indian companies are members of EP100 5. The International Energy Agency is the Secreteriat to the “Under2 Coalition”. Which of the statements given above are correct?

Climate Action Tracker’ which monitors the emission reduction pledges of different countries is a:

Which one of the following statements best describes the ‘Polar Code’ ?

Which one of the following best describes the term “greenwashing” ?

With reference to the ‘New York Declaration on Forests’, which of the following statements are correct? 1.It was first endorsed at the United Nations Climate Summit in 2014. 2.It endorses a global timeline to end the loss of forests. 3.It is a legally binding international declaration. 4.It is endorsed by governments, big companies, and indigenous communities. 5.India was one of the signatories at its inception. Select the correct answer using the code given below:

The ‘Common Carbon Metric,’ supported by UNEP, has been developed for:

“Momentum for Change: Climate Neutral Now” is an initiative launched by

With reference to the ‘Global Alliance for Climate-Smart Agriculture (GACSA)’, which of the following statements is/are correct ? 1. GACSA is an outcome of the Climate Summit held in Paris in 2015. 2. Membership of GACSA does not create any binding obligations. 3. India was instrumental in the creation of GACSA. Select the correct answer using the code given below :

With, reference to ‘Global Climate Change Alliance’ which of the following statements is/are correct? 1. It is an initiative of the European Union. 2. It provides technical and financial support to targeted developing countries to integrate climate change into their development policies and budgets. 3. It is coordinated by World Resources Institute (WRI) and World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD). Select the correct answer using the code given below :

Consider the following statements : 1. Climate and Clean Air Coalition (CCAC) to Reduce Short Lived Climate Pollutants is a unique initiative of G20 group of countries; 2. The CCAC focuses on methane, black carbon and hydrofluorocarbons. Which of the statements given above is/ are correct ?

Consider the following statements in respect of Trade Related Analysis of Fauna and Flora in Commerce (TRAFFIC): 1. TRAFFIC is a bureau under United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). 2. The Mission of TRAFFIC is to ensure that trade in wild plants and animals is not a threat to the conservation of nature. Which of the above statements is/are correct?

Consider the following statements: 1. The International Solar Alliance was launched at the United Nations Climate Change Conference in 2015. 2. The Alliance includes all the member countries of the United Nations. Which of the statements given above is/ are correct?

What is ‘Greenhouse Gas Protocol’?

Which one of the following is associated with the issue of control and phasing out of the use of ozone-depleting substances?

With reference to the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) and the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), which of the following statements is/are correct? (1) IUCN is an organ of the United Nations and CITES is an international agreement between governments. (2) IUCN runs thousands of field projects around the world to better manage natural environments. (3) CITES is legally binding on the States that have joined it, but this Convention does not take the place of national laws. Select the correct answer using the code given below.

With reference to an organization known as ‘BirdLife International’, which of the following statements is/are correct? (1) It is a Global Partnership of Conservation Organizations. (2) The concept of ‘biodiversity hotspots’ originated from this organization. (3) It identifies the sites known/referred to as ‘Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas’. Select the correct answer using the code given below.

Consider the following statements regarding ‘Earth Hour’: 1. It is an initiative of UNEP and UNESCO. 2. It is a movement in which the participants switch off the lights for one hour on a certain day every year. 3. It is a movement to raise the awareness about the climate change and the need to save the planet. Which of the statements given above is/ are correct?

Consider the following countries: 1. Denmark 2. Japan 3. Russian Federation 4. United Kingdom 5. United States of America Which of the above are the members of the ‘Arctic Council’?

The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment describes the following major categories of ecosystem services-provisioning, supporting, regulating, preserving and cultural. Which one of the following is supporting service?

The “Red Data Books’’ published by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) contain lists of

As a result of their annual survey, the National Geographic Society and an international polling firm GlobeScan gave India top rank in Greendex 2009 score. What is this score ?

In the middle of the year 2008 the Parliament of which one of the following countries became the first in the world to enact a Climate Act by passing ‘The Climate Change Accountability Bill’?

Consider the following statements with reference to India’s response to climate change: I. India’s LT-LEDS is a crucial tool for achieving net-zero emissions by 2070. II. India’s BUR-4 (Dec 2024) recorded ~8% decrease in GHG emissions in 2020 over 2019. III. Climate-resilient development necessarily depends on quick and short-term achievement of emission reduction targets. Which of the following relationships is/are correct? 1. Statement I is empirically supported by statement II 2. Statement III contradicts the approach implicit in statement I 3. Statement I and statement III together establish the premise of long-term sustainability

Which one of the following is the first Plan Vivo certified REDD+ project in India?

Consider the following statements: Statement I: At the 28th United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP28), India refrained from signing the ‘Declaration on Climate and Health’. Statement II: The COP 28 Declaration on Climate and Health is a binding declaration; and if signed, it becomes mandatory to decarbonize health sector. Statement III: If India’s health sector is decarbonized, the resilience of its healthcare system may be compromised. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

Consider the following statements: Statement I: Article 6 of the Paris Agreement on climate change is frequently discussed in global discussions on sustainable development and climate change. Statement II: Article 6 of the Paris Agreement on climate change sets out the principles of carbon markets. Statement III: Article 6 of the Paris Agreement on climate change intends to promote inter-country non-market strategies to reach their climate targets. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

Which one of the following launched the ‘Nature Solutions Finance Hub for Asia and the Pacific’?

Consider the following statements : Statement-I: Carbon markets are likely to be one of the most widespread tools in the fight against climate change. Statement-II : Carbon markets transfer resources from the private sector to the State. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

The Partnership for Action on Green Economy (PAGE), a UN mechanism to assist countries transition towards greener and more inclusive economies, emerged at

Which of the following statements is/are correct? Proper design and effective implementation of UN-REDD+ Programme can significantly contribute to 1. Protection of biodiversity 2. Resilience of forest ecosystems 3. Poverty reduction Select the correct answer using the code given below.

Consider the following pairs: Terms sometimes seen in the news : Their origin 1. Annex-I Countries : Cartagena Protocol 2. Certified Emissions Reductions : Nagoya Protocol 3. Clean Development Mechanisms : Kyoto Protocol Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?

What is/are the importance/ importances of the ‘United Convention to Combat Desertification’? 1. It aims to promote effective action through innovative national programmes and supportive international partnerships 2. It has a special/particular focus on South Asia and North Africa regions, and its Secretariat facilitates the allocation of major portion of financial resources to these regions. 3. It is committed to bottom-up approach, encouraging the participation of local people in combating the desertification. Select the correct answer using the code given below.

With reference to the Agreement at the UNFCCC Meeting in Paris in 2015, which of the following statements is/are correct? 1. The Agreement was signed by all the member countries of the UN and it will go into effect in 2017. 2. The Agreement aims to limit the greenhouse gas emissions so that the rise in average global temperature by the end of this century does not exceed 2oC or even 1.50C above pre-industrial levels. 3. Developed countries acknowledged their historical responsibility in global warming and committed to donate $ 1000 billion a year from 2020 to help developing countries to cope with climate change. Select the correct answer using the code given below.

With reference to ‘Agenda 21’, sometimes seen in the news, consider the following statements: 1. It is a global action plan for sustainable development. 2. It originated in the World Summit on Sustainable Development held in Johannesburg in 2002. Which of the statements given above is/ are correct?

With reference to an initiative called ‘The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB)’, which of the following statements is/are correct? 1. It is an initiative hosted by UNEP, IMF and World Economic Forum. 2. It is a global initiative that focuses on drawing attention to the economic benefits of biodiversity. 3. It presents an approach that can help decision-makers recognize, demonstrate and capture the value of ecosystems and biodiversity. Select the correct answer using the code given below.

Consider the following statements: 1. The Sustainable Development Goals were first proposed in 1972 by a global think tank called the ‘Club of Rome’. 2. The Sustainable Development Goals have to be achieved by 2030. Which of the statements given above is/ are correct?

What is Rio+20 Conference, often mentioned in the news?

BioCarbon Fund Initiative for Sustainable Forest Landscapes’ is managed by the

Which of the following statements regarding ‘Green Climate Fund’ is/ are correct? (1) It is intended to assist the developing countries in adaptation and mitigation practices to counter climate change. (2) It is founded under the aegis of UNEP, OECD, Asian Development Bank and World Bank. Select the correct answer using the code given below.

With reference to ‘Forest Carbon Partnership Facility’, which of the following statements is/are correct? (1) It is a global partnership of governments, businesses, civil society and indigenous peoples. (2) It provides financial aid to universities, individual scientists and institutions involved in scientific forestry research to develop eco-friendly and climate adaptation technologies for sustainable forest management. (3) It assists the countries in their ‘REDD+ (Reduing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation+)’ efforts by providing them with financial and technical assistance. Select the correct answer using the code given below.

With reference to ‘Global Environment Facility’, which of the following statements is/are correct?

Consider the following international agreements: 1. The International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. 2. The United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification. 3. The World Heritage Convention. Which of the above has/have a bearing on the biodiversity?

Regarding “carbon credits’’, which one of the following statements is not correct?

The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is and international treaty drawn at

In the context of C02 emission and Global Warming, what is the name of a market driven device under the UNFCC that allows developing countries to get funds/incentives from the developed countries to adopt, better technologies that reduce greenhouse gas emissions?

The concept of carbon credit originated from which one of the following?

Where was the World Summit on Sustainable Development (Rio+10) held?

Consider the following statements: 1. Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) in respect of carbon credits is one of the Kyoto Protocol Mechanisms. 2. Under the CDM, the projects handled pertain only to the Annex-I countries.

Regarding Peacock tarantula (Gooty tarantula), consider the following statements: I. It is an omnivorous crustacean. II. Its natural habitat in India is only limited to some forest areas. III. In its natural habitat, it is an arboreal species. Which of the statements given above is/ are correct?

Which one of the following shows a unique relationship with an insect that has coevolved with it and that is the only insect that can pollinate this tree?

Which one of the following makes a tool with a stick to scrape insects from a hole in a tree or a log of wood?

Consider the following statements : 1. Some microorganisms can grow in environments with temperature above the boiling point of water. 2. Some microorganisms can grow in environments with temperature below the freezing point of water. 3. Some microorganisms can grow in highly acidic environment with a pH below 3. How many of the above statements are correct?

Consider the following statements : Statement-I: Marsupials are not naturally found in India. Statement-II: Marsupials can thrive only in montane grasslands with no predators. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

Consider the following statements : 1. Some mushrooms have medicinal properties. 2. Some mushrooms have psychoactive properties. 3. Some mushrooms have insecticidal properties. 4. Some mushrooms have bioluminescent properties. How many of the above statements are correct?

Consider the following statements regarding the Indian squirrels : 1. They build nests by making burrows in the ground. 2. They store their food materials like nuts and seeds in the ground. 3. They are omnivorous. How many of the above statements are correct?

Which of the following organisms perform waggle dance for others of their kin to indicate the direction and the distance to a source of their food?

Certain species of which one of the following organisms are well known as cultivators of fungi ?

Consider the following animals: 1. Hedgehog 2. marmot 3. Pangolin to reduce the chance of being captured by predators, which of the above organisms rolls up/roll up and protects/protect its/their vulnerable parts?

Which of the following are detritivores? 1. Earthworms 2. Jellyfish 3. Millipedes 4. Seahorses 5. Woodlice Select the correct answer using the code given below.

Which of the following have species that can establish symbiotic relationship with other organisms? 1. Cnidarians 2. Fungi 3. Protozoa Select the correct answer using the code given below.

Consider the following statements: 1. Some species of turtles are herbivores. 2. Some species of fish are herbivores. 3. Some species of marine mammals are herbivores. 4. Some speeies of snakes are viviparous. Which of the statements given above are correct?

Recently, our scientists have discovered a new and distinct species of banana plant which attains a height of about 11 metres and has orange-coloured fruit pulp. In which part of India has it been discovered?

What is/are unique about ‘Kharai camel’, a breed found in India? 1. It is capable of swimming up to three kilometres in seawater. 2. It survives by grazing on mangroves. 3. It lives in the wild and cannot be domesticated. Select the correct answer using the code given below.

Consider the following: 1. Bats 2. Bears 3. Rodents The phenomenon of hibernation can be observed in which of the above kinds of animals ?

If you walk through countryside, you are likely to see some birds stalking alongside the cattle to seize the insects disturbed by their movement through grasses. Which of the following is/are such bird/birds? 1. Painted Stork 2. Common Myna 3. Black-necked Crane Select the correct answer using the code given below:

Among the following organisms, which one does not belong to the class of other three?

What is the difference between the antelopes Oryx and Chiru?

Among the following, which one lays eggs and does not produce young ones directly?

The release of which one of the following into ponds and wells helps in controlling the mosquitoes?

For which one of the following snakes is the diet mainly composed of other snakes?

In which one of the following kinds of organisms is the phenomenon found wherein the female kills the male after copulation?

Consider the following statements about Rhynchostylis retusa (Foxtail orchid): 1. It is an epiphytic orchid. 2. The species is endemic to North-east India. 3. It is the State flower of Arunachal Pradesh and Assam. Which of the statements given above is/ are correct?

Consider the following: 1. Cashew 2. Papaya 3. Red sanders How many of the above trees are actually native to India?

Consider the following trees : 1. Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) 2. Mahua (Madhuca indica) 3. Teak (Tectona grandis) How many of the above are deciduous trees?

Which of the following are nitrogen-fixing plants? 1. Alfalfa 2. Amaranth 3. Chickpea 4. Clover 5. Puslane (Kulfa) 6. Spinach Select the correct answer using the code given below

With reference to ‘Gucchi’ sometimes mentioned in the news, consider the following statements : 1. It is a fungus 2. It grows in some Himalayan forest areas 3. It is commercially cultivated in the Himalayan foothills of north-eastern India Which of the statements given above is correct?

Which one of the following is used in preparing a natural mosquito repellent?

Consider the following statements: 1. Moringa (drumstick tree) is a leguminous evergreen tree. 2. Tamarind tree is endemic to South Asia. 3. In India, most of the tamarind is collected as minor forest produce. 4. India exports tamarind and seeds of moringa. 5. Seeds of moringa and tamarind can be used in the production of biofuels. Which of the statements given above are correct?

In nature, which of the following is/ are most likely to be found surviving on a surface without soil? 1.Fern 2.Lichen 3.Moss 4.Mushroom Select the correct answer using the code given below:

Which of the following leaf modifications occur(s) in the desert areas to inhabit water loss? 1. Hard and waxy leaves 2. Tiny leaves 3. Thorns instead of leaves Select the correct answer using the code given below:

With reference to ‘Red Sanders’, sometimes seen in the news, consider the following statements: 1. It is a tree species found in a part of South India. 2. It is one of the most important trees in the tropical rain forest areas of South India. Which of the statements given above is/ are correct?

With reference to Neem tree, consider the following statements: 1. Neem oil can be used as a pesticide to control the proliferation of some species of insects and mites. 2. Neem seeds are used in the manufacture of biofuels and hospital detergents. 3. Neem oil has applications in pharmaceutical industry. Which of the statements given above is/ are correct?

Which of the following leaf modifications occurs/occur in desert areas to inhibit water loss? (1). Hard and waxy leaves (2). Tiny leaves or no leaves (3). Thorns instead of leaves Select the correct answer using the codes given below.

Among the following states, which one has the most suitable climatic conditions for the cultivation of a large variety of orchids with minimum cost of production, and can develop an export-oriented industry in this field?

A state in India has the following characteristics: 1. Its northern part is arid and semi-arid. 2. Its central part produces cotton. 3. Cultivation of cash crops is predominant over food crops. Which one of the following states has all of the above characteristics?

When the bark of a tree is removed in a circular fashion all around near its base, it gradually dries up and dies because?

In India, which type of forest among the following occupies the largest area?

Consider the following : 1. Camphor 2. Chicory 3. Vanilla Which of the above is/are plant product(s) ?

Which one of the following is an insectivorous plant?

Which one of the following is not essentially a species of the Himalayan vegetation?

Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) is a standard criterion for

Which one of the following is the best description of the term ‘ecosystem’?

Which one of the following is the process involved in photosynthesis?

Which one of the following is the correct sequence of a food chain?

With reference to food chains in ecosystems, consider the following statements : (1). A food chain illustrates the order in which a chain of organisms feed upon each other. (2). Food chains are found within the populations of a species. (3). A food chain illustrates the numbers of each organism which are eaten by others. Which of the statements given above is/ are correct?

Which one of the following is the correct sequence of ecosystems in the order of decreasing productivity?

In the grasslands, trees do not replace the grasses as a part of an eological succession because of

Which one of the following terms describes not only the physical space occupied by an organism, but also its functional role in the community of organisms?

With reference to the food chains in ecosystems, which of the following kinds of organism is/are known as decomposer organism/organisms? 1.Virus 2.Fungi 3.Bacteria Select the correct answer using the codes given below.

Biodiversity forms the basis for human existence in the following ways: 1. Soil formation 2. Prevention of soil erosion 3. Recycling of waste 4. Pollination of crops Select the correct answer using the code given below:

Consider the following: 1. Photosynthesis 2. Respiration 3. Decay of organic matter 4. Volcanic action Which of the above add carbon dioxide to the carbon cycle on earth?

Consider the following statements: 1. Biodiversity is normally greater in the lower latitudes as compared to the higher latitudes. 2. Along the mountain gradients, biodiversity is normally greater in the lower altitudes as compared to the higher altitudes. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

A pesticide which is a chlorinated hydrocarbon is sprayed on a food crop. The food chain is: Food crop - Rat -Snake - Hawk. In this food chain, the highest concentration of the pesticide would accumulate in which one of the following?

From the point of view of evolution of living organisms, which one of the following is the correct sequence of evolution?

Sustainable development is described as the development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. In this perspective, inherently the concept of sustainable development is intertwined with which of the following concepts?

Some species of plants are insectivorous. Why?

With reference to the evolution of living organisms, which one of the following sequences is correct ?

Which one of the following has been constituted under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 ?

At the national level, which ministry is the nodal agency to ensure effective implementation of the Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006?

Consider the following statements : 1. 36% of India’s districts are classified as “overexploited” or “critical” by the Central Ground Water Authority (CGWA). 2. CGWA was’ formed under the Environment (Protection) Act. 3. India has the largest area under groundwater irrigation in the world. Which of the statements given above is/ are correct?

If a particular plant species is placed under Schedule VI of The Wildlife Protection Act, 1972, what is the implication?

Consider the following statements: The Environment Protection Act, 1986 empowers the Government of India to 1. state the requirement of public participation in the process of environmental protection, and the procedure and manner in which it is sought 2. lay down The standards for emission or discharge of environmental pollutants from various sources Which of the statements given above is/ are correct?

Consider the following statements 1. As per law, the Compensatory Afforestation Fund Management and Planning Authority exists at both National and State levels. 2. People’s participation is mandatory in the compensatory afforestation programmes carried out under the Compensatory Afforestation Fund Act, 2016. Which of the statements given above is / are correct?

Consider the following statements: 1. As per recent amendment to the Indian Forest Act, 1927, forest dwellers have the right to fell the bamboos grown on forest areas. 2. As per the Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006, bamboo is a minor forest produce. 3. The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006 allows ownership of minor forest produce to forest dwellers. Which of the statements given above is / are correct?

How is the National Green Tribunal (NGT) different from the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)? 1.The NGT has been established by an Act whereas the CPCB has been created by an executive order of the Government. 2.The NGT provides environmental justice and helps reduce the burden of litigation in the higher courts whereas the CPCB promotes cleanliness of streams and wells, and aims to improve the quality of air in the country. Which of the statements given above is/ are correct?

Consider the following statements : 1.The definition of “Critical Wildlife Habitat” is incorporated in the Forest Rights Act, 2006. 2.For the first time in India, Baigas have been given Habitat Rights. 3.Union Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change oflicially decides and declares Habitat Rights for Primitive and Vulnerable Tribal Groups in any part of India. Which of the statements given above is/ are correct?

In India, if a species of tortoise is declared protected under Schedule I of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, what does it imply ?

According to the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, which of the following animals cannot be hunted by any person except under some provisions provided by law? 1. Gharial 2. Indian wild ass 3. Wild buffalo Select the correct answer using the code given below:

The Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee is constituted under the

With reference to ‘Eco-Sensitive Zones’, which of the following statements is/are correct? 1. Eco-Sensitive Zones are the areas that are declared under the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. 2. The purpose of the declaration of Eco-Sensitive Zones is to prohibit all kinds of human activities in those zones except agriculture. Select the correct answer using the code given below.

Consider the following statements: 1. Animal Welfare Board of India is established under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986. 2. National Tiger Conservation Authority is a statutory body. 3. National Ganga River Basin Authority is chaired by the Prime Minister. Which of the statements given above is/ are correct?

With reference to Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS), consider the following statements: 1. It is an autonomous organization under the Ministry of Environment and Forests. 2. It strives to conserve nature through action-based research, education and public awareness. 3. It organizes and conducts nature trails and camps for the general public. Select the correct answer using the code given below:

Under the Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006, who shall be the authority to initiate the process for determining the nature and extent of individual or community forest rights or both?

The National Green Tribunal Act, 2010 was enacted in consonance with which of the following provisions of the Constitution of India? 1. Right to healthy environment, construed as a part of Right to life under Article 21. 2. Provision of grants for raising the level of administration in the Scheduled Areas for the welfare of Scheduled Tribes under Article 275 (1). 3. Powers and functions of Gram Sabha as mentioned under Article 243(A). Select the correct answer using the code given below:

Among the following Tiger Reserves, which one has the largest area under “Critical Tiger Habitat”?

Which of the following Protected Areas are located in Cauvery basin? 1. Nagarhole National Park 2. Papikonda National Park 3. Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve 4. Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary Select the correct answer using the code given below:

With reference to India’s Desert National Park, which of the following statements are correct? 1. It is spread over two districts. 2. There is no human habitation inside the Park. 3. It is one of the natural habitats of Great Indian Bustard. Select the correct answer using the code given below:

Which one of the following National Parks lies completely in the temperate alpine zone?

Which of the following are in Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve?

In which one of the following States is Pakhui Wildlife Sanctuary located?

From the ecological point of view, which one of the following assumes importance in being a good link between the Eastern Ghats and the Western Ghats?

Which of the following National Parks is unique in being a swamp with floating vegetation that supports a rich biodiversity?

Which one of the following National Parks has a climate that varies from tropical to subtropical, temperate and arctic?

Consider the following pairs : Dampa Tiger Reserve : Mizoram Gumti Wildlife Sanctuary : Sikkim Saramati Peak : Nagaland Select the correct answer using the code given below.

Consider the following pairs : (1). Nokrek Biosphere Reserve : Garo Hills (2). Logtak (Loktak) Lake : Barail Range (3). Namdapha National Park : Dafla Hills Which of the above pairs is/are correctly matched?

Consider the following pairs : National Park River flowing through the Park (1). Corbett National Park : Ganga (2). Kaziranga National Park : Manas (3). Silent Valley National Park : Kaveri Which of the above pairs is/are correctly matched?

Consider the following protected areas; 1. Bandipur 2. Bhitarkanika 3. Manas 4. Sunderbans Which of the above are declared Tiger Reserves?

Two important rivers- one with its source in Jharkhand (and known by a different name in Odisha), and another, with its source in Odisha- merge at a place only a short distance from the coast of Bay of Bengal before flowing into the sea. This is an important site of wildlife and biodiversity and a protected area. Which one of the following could be this?

Consider the following statements: 1. The boundaries of a National Park are defined by legislation. 2. A Biosphere Reserve is declared to conserve a few specific species of flora and fauna. 3. In a Wildlife Sanctuary, limited ‘ biotic interference is permitted. Which of the statements given above is / are correct ?

Which one among the following has the maximum number of National Parks?

Out of all the Biosphere Reserves in India, four have been recognized on the World Network by UNESCO. Which one of the following is not one of them?

Which of the following statements with regard to the arrival of Amur Falcons at Doyang Lake in Nagaland each year from Mongolia is/are correct? 1. It showcases how sustained local conservation efforts can contribute to the arrival and protection of international migratory birds. 2. It reflects the global success of advanced tracking technologies that guide migratory birds back to their stopover sites. 3. It confirms that Amur Falcons have adapted to permanent residency in India due to favourable habitat changes.

Consider the following pairs: Country Animal found in its natural habitat 1. Brazil Indri 2. Indonesia Elk 3. Madagascar Bonobo How many of the pairs given above are correctly matched?

Which of the following are the most likely places to find the musk deer in its natural habitat? 1. Askot Wildlife Sanctuary 2. Gangotri National Park 3. Kishanpur Wildlife Sanctuary 4. Manas National Park Select the correct answer using the code given below:

Which one of the following protected areas is well-known for the conservation of a sub-species of the Indian swamp deer (Barasingha) that thrives well on hard ground and is exclusively graminivorous?

Consider the following statements: 1. Asiatic lion is naturally found In India only. 2. Double-humped camel is naturally found in India only. 3. One-horned rhinoceros is naturally found in India only. Which of the statements given above is / are correct?

Consider the following pairs: Wildlife Naturally found in 1. Blue-finned Mahseer Cauvery River 2. Irrawaddy Dolphin Chambal River 3. Rusty-spotted Cat Eastern Ghats Which of the pairs given above are correctly matched?

Which one of the following groups of plants was domesticated in the ‘New World’ and introduced into the ‘Old World’?

If you want to see gharials in their natural habitat, which one of the following is the best place to visit ?

Recently there was a proposal to translocate some of the lions from their natural habitat in Gujarat to which one of the following sites?

In which of the following regions of India are you most likely to come across the ‘Great Indian Hornbill’ in its natural habitat?

Consider the following : 1.Star tortoise 2.Monitor lizard 3.Pygmy hog 4.Spider monkey Which of the above are naturally found in India?

In which of the following states is lion-tailed macaque found in its natural habitat? 1.Tamil Nadu 2.Kerala 3.Karnataka 4.Andhra Pradesh Select the correct answer using the codes given below.

Consider the following: 1. Black-necked crane 2. Cheetah 3. Flying squirrel 4. Snow leopard Which of the above are naturally found in India?

A sandy and saline area is the natural habitat of an Indian animal species. The animal has no predators in that area, but its existence is threatened due to the destruction of its habitat. Which one of the following could be that animal?

Consider the flowing pairs: Protected area Well-known for 1. Bhiterkanika, Orissa Salt Water Crocodile 2. Desert National Park, Great Indian Bustard Rajasthan 3. Eravikulam, Kerala Hoolak Gibbon Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?

Consider the following statements: 1. Salt-water crocodile is found in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. 2. Shrew and tapir are found in the Western Ghats of the Malabar region.

With reference to Direct Air Capture, an emerging technology, which of the following statements is/are correct? I. It can be used as a way of carbon sequestration. II. It can be a valuable approach for plastic production and in food processing. III. In aviation, it can be a source of carbon for combining with hydrogen to create synthetic low-carbon fuel. Select the correct answer using the code given below.

Statement I: Activated carbon is a good and an attractive tool to remove pollutants from effluent streams and to remediate contaminants from various industries. O Statement II : Activated carbon exhibits a large surface area and a strong potential for adsorbing heavy metals. Statement III : Activated carbon can be easily synthesized from environmental wastes with high carbon content. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

With reference to the role of biofilters in Recirculating Aquaculture System, consider the following statements: 1. Biofilters provide waste treatment by removing uneaten fish feed. 2. Biofilters convert ammonia present in fish waste to nitrate. 3. Biofilters increase phosphorus as nutrient for fish in water. How many of the statements given above are correct?

“Biorock Technology” is talked about in which one of the following situations?

In the context of WHO Air Quality Guidelines, consider the following statements : 1. The 24-hour mean of PM 2.5 should not exceed 15 μg/m3 and annual mean of PM 2.5 should not exceed 5 μg/m3. 2. In a year, the highest levels of ozone pollution occur during the periods of inclement weather. 3. PM 10 can penetrate the long barrier and enter the bloodstream. 4. Excessive ozone in the air can trigger asthma. Which of the statements given above are correct?

R2 Code of Practices’ constitutes a tool available for promoting the adoption of

In rural road construction, the use of which of the following is preferred for ensuring environmental sustainability or to reduce carbon footprint? 1. Copper slag 2. Cold mix asphalt technology 3. Geotextiles 4. Hot mix asphalt technology 5. Portland cement Select the correct answer using the code given below:

Steel slag can be the material for which of the following? 1. Construction of base road 2. Improvement of agricultural soil 3. Production of cement Select the correct answer using the code given below:

In the context of which one of the following are the terms ‘pyrolysis and plasma gasification’ mentioned?

Which of the following is/are the possible consequence/s of heavy sand mining in riverbeds ? 1.Decreased salinity in the river 2.Pollution of groundwater 3.Lowering of the water-table Select the correct answer using the code given below :

In the context of solving pollution problems what is/are the advantage/disadvantages of bioremediation technique? 1. It is a technique for cleaning up pollution by enhancing the same biodegradation process that occurs in nature. 2. Any contaminant with heavy metals such as cadmium and lead can be readily and completely treated by bioremediation using microorganisms. 3. Genetic engineering can be used to create microorganisms specifically designed for bioremediation. Select the correct answer using the code given below:

With reference to ‘fly ash’ produced by the power plants using coal as fuel, which of the following statements is/are correct? (1) Fly ash can be used in the production of bricks for building construction. (2) Fly ash can be used as a replacement for some of the Portland cement contents of concrete. (3) Fly ash is made up of silicon dioxide and calcium oxide only, and does not contain any toxic elements. Select the correct answer using the code given below.

In the Union Budget 2011-12, a full exemption from the basic customs duty was extended to the bio-based asphalt (bioasphalt). What is the importance of this material? 1. Unlike traditional asphalt, bio-asphalt is not based on fossil fuels. 2. Bioasphalt can be made from non-renewable resources. 3. Bioasphalt can be made from organic waste materials. 4. It is eco-friendly to use bioasphalt for surfacing of the roads. Which of the statements given above are correct?

Which bacterial strain, developed from natural isolated by genetic manipulations, can be used for treating oil spills?

Excessive release of the pollutant carbon monoxide (CO) into the air may produce a condition in which oxygen supply in the human body decreases. What causes this condition?

With respect to the Western Hoolock Gibbons, which of the following statements is/are correct? 1. A Sanctuary in North-east India is home to this ape species listed as Endangered in the IUCN Red List. 2. They have specialized brachiation and can easily swing between trees. 3. They possess a strong and heavy build like gorillas, yet are remarkably agile tree climbers.

Consider the following statements: 1. Lions do not have a particular breeding season. 2. Unlike most other big cats, cheetahs do not roar. 3. Unlike male lions, male leopards do not proclaim their territory by scent marking. Which of the statements given above are correct?

Consider the following: 1. Butterflies 2. Fish 3. Frogs How many of the above have poisonous species among them?

Consider the following fauna: 1. Lion-tailed Macaque 2. Malabar Civet 3. Sambar Deer How many of the above are generally nocturnal or most active after sunset?

Which of the following is not a bird?

With reference to Indian elephants, consider the following statements: 1. The leader of an elephant group is a female. 2. The maximum gestation period can be 22 months. 3. An elephant can normally go on calving till the age of 40 years only. 4. Among the States in India, the highest elephant population is in Kerala. Which of the statements given above is/ are correct?

Due to some reasons, if there is a huge fall in the population of species of butterflies, what could be its likely consequence/consequences? 1. Pollination of some plants could be adversely affected. 2. There could be a drastic increase in the fungal infections of some cultivated plants. 3. It could lead to a fall in the population of some species of wasps, spiders and birds. Select the correct answer using the code given below:

Other than poaching, what are the possible reasons for the decline in the population of Ganga River Dolphins? 1. Construction of dams and barrages on rivers. 2. Increase in the population of crocodiles in rivers. 3. Getting trapped in fishing nets accidentally. 4. Use of synthetic fertilizers and other agricultural chemicals in crop-fields in the vicinity of rivers. Select the correct answer using the code given below:

Lichens, which are capable of initiating ecological succession even on a bare rock, are actually a symbiotic association of:

Consider the following kinds of organisms: 1. Bat 2. Bee 3. Bird Which of the above is/are pollinating agent/agents?

King Cobra is the only snake that makes its own nest. Why does it make its nest ?

The Panda belongs to the same family as that of

In making the saffron spice, which one of the following parts of the plant is used ?

Among the following, which one is not an ape?

Which of the following statements about NIRANTAR (National Institute for Research and Application of Natural Resources to Transform, Adapt and Build Resilience), a platform of institutions under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change is/are correct? 1. Ecosystem Survey and Analysis is a vertical under this platform the lead institute of which is Botanical Survey of India, Kolkata. 2. Research and Management of Ecosystem Service is a vertical under this platform, the lead institute of which is Central Zoo Authority, New Delhi. 3. Capacity Development Support is a vertical under this platform, the lead institute of which is Indian Institute of Forest Management, Bhopal. Select the answer using the code given below :

Consider the following statements : Once the Central Governmnent notifies an area as a ‘Community Reserve’ 1. The Chief Wildlife Warden of the State becomes the governing authority of such forest 2. Hunting is not allowed in such area 3. People of such area are allowed to collect non-timber forest produce 4. People of such area are allowed traditional agricultural practices How many of the above statements are correct?

In India,’extended producer responsibility’ was introduced as an important feature in which of the following?

As per the Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016 in India, which one of the following statements is correct?

Which of the following are the key features of ‘National Ganga River Basin Authority(NGRBA)? 1. River basin is the unit of planning and management. 2. It spearheads the river conservation efforts at the national level. 3. One of the Chief Ministers of the States through which the Ganga flows becomes the Chairman of NGRBA on rotation basis. Select the correct answer using the code given below.

Gadgil Committee Report’ and ‘Kasturirangan Committee Report’, sometimes seen in the news, are related to

In the cities of our country, which among the following atmospheric gases are normally considered in calculating the value of Air Quality Index? 1. Carbon dioxide 2. Carbon monoxide 3. Nitrogen dioxide 4. Sulfur dioxide 5. Methane Select the correct answer using the code given below.

What are the benefits of implementing the ‘Integrated Watershed Development Programme’? 1. Prevention of soil runoff 2. Linking the country’s perennial rivers with seasonal rivers 3. Rainwater harvesting and recharge of groundwater table 4. Regeneration of natural vegetation Select the correct answer using the code given below.

In which one among the following categories of protected areas in India are local people not allowed to collect and use biomass?

How does the National Biodiversity Authority (NBA) help in protecting the Indian agriculture? 1. NBA checks the biopiracy and protects the indigenous and traditional genetic resources. 2. NBA directly monitors and supervises the scientific research on genetic modification of crop plants. 3. Application for Intellectual Property Rights related to resources genetic/biological cannot be made without approval of NBA. Which of the statements given above is/ are correct?

What are the possible limitations of India in mitigating the global warming at present and in the immediate future? 1. Appropriate alternate technologies are not sufficiently available 2. India cannot invest huge funds in research and development 3. Many developed countries have already set up their polluting industries in India Which of the statement given above is/ are correct?

Where is the headquarters of Animal Welfare Board of India located ?

In India, who is the Chairman of the National Water Resources Council ?

Which one of the following Union Ministries implements the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety ?

Consider the following statements: Statement I: Of the two major ethanol producers in the world, i.e., Brazil and the United States of America, the former produces more ethanol than the latter. Statement II: Unlike in the United States of America, where corn is the principal feedstock for ethanol production, sugarcane is the principal feedstock for ethanol production in Brazil. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

According to India’s National Policy on Biofuels, which of the following can be used as raw materials for the production of biofuels? 1. Cassava 2. Damaged wheat grains 3. Groundnut seeds 4. Horse gram 5. Rotten potatoes 6. Sugar beet Select the correct answer using the code given below:

In the context of proposals to the use of hydrogen-enriched CNG (H-CNG) as fuel for buses in public transport, consider the following statements: 1. The main adyantage of the use of H-CNG is the elimination of carbon monoxide emissions. 2. H-CNG as fuel reduces carbon dioxide and hydrocarbon emissions. 3. Hydrogen up to one-fifth by volume can be blended with CNG as fuel for buses. 4. H-CNG makes the fuel less expensive than CNG. Which of the statements given above is / are correct?

It is possible to produce algae based biofuels, but what is/are the likely limitation(s) of developing countries in promoting this industry? 1. Production of algae based biofuels is possible in seas only and not on continents. 2. Setting up and engineering the algae based biofuel production requires high level of expertise/technology until the construction is completed. 3. Economically viable production necessitates the setting up of large scale facilities which may raise ecological and social concerns. Select the correct answer using the code given below:

With reference to ‘fuel cells’ in which hydrogen-rich fuel and oxygen are used to generate electriity, consider the following statements : (1) If pure hydrogen is used as a fuel, the fuel cell emits heat and water as by-products. (2) Fuel cells can be used for powering buildings and not for small devices like laptop computers (3) Fuel cells produce electricity in the form of Alternating Current (AC). Which of the statements given above is/ are correct?

With reference to the usefulness of the by-products of sugar industry, which of the following statements is/are correct? (1). Bagasse can be used as biomass fuel for the generation of energy. (2). Molasses can be used as one of the feedstocks for the production of synthetic chemical fertilizers. (3). Molasses can be used for the production of ethanol. Select the correct answer using the codes given below.

Consider the following kinds of organisms: 1. Bacteria 2. Fungi 3. Flowering plants Some species of which of the above kinds of organisms are employed as biopesticides?

Biomass gasification is considered to be one of the sustainable solutions to the power crisis in India. In this context which of the following statements is/ are correct? 1. Coconut shells, groundnut shells and rice husk can be used in biomass gasification 2. The combustible gases generated from biomass gasification consist of hydrogen and carbon dioxide only 3. The combustible gases generated from biomass gasification can be used for direct heat generation but not in internal combustion engines.

Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles produce one of the following as ‘exhaust’

Which feature of some species of blue green algae helps promoted them as bio-fertilizers?

Other than Jatropha curcas, why is Pongamia pinnata also considered a good option for the production of biodiesel in India? 1. Pongamia pinnata grows naturally in most of the arid regions of India 2. The seeds of Pongamia pinnata are rich in lipid content of which nearly half is oleic acid Which of the statement given above is/ are correct?

Given below are the names of four energy crops. Which one of them can be cultivated for ethanol?

In the context of alternative sources of energy, ethanol as a viable bio-fuel can be obtained from:

Which of the following best explain(s) the rationale for protecting mangrove ecosystems in the context of climate resilience? 1. Mangroves reduce tidal energy and store freshwater, making them ideal sites for paddy cultivation in saline estuarine belts. 2. Their salt-sensitive roots filter seawater, making mangroves key to converting coastal land into freshwater aquaculture zones. 3. By withstanding tidal surges and offering biomass resources, mangroves function both as natural bio-shields and livelihood bases for rural communities.

Which one of the following is a filter feeder?

What is blue carbon?

Consider the following kinds of organisms: 1. Copepods 2. Cyanobacteria 3. Diatoms 4. Foraminifera Which of the above are primary producers in the food chains of oceans?

Consider the following statements : 1.Most of the world’s coral reefs are in tropical waters. 2.More than one-third of the world’s coral reefs are located in the territories of Australia, Indonesia and Philippines. 3.Coral reefs host far more number of animal phyla than those hosted by tropical rainforests. Which of the statements given above is/are correct ?

With reference to ‘dugong’ a mammal found in India, which of the following statements is/are correct? (1) It is a herbivorous marine animal. (2) It is found along the entire coast of India. (3) It is given legal protection under Schedule I of the Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972. Select the correct answer using the code given below.

Which of the following have coral reefs? 1. Andaman and Nicobar Islands 2. Gulf of Kachchh 3. Gulf of Mannar 4. Sunderbans Select the correct answer using the code given below:

Consider the following animals: (1). Sea cow (2). Sea horse (3). Sea lion Which of the above is/are mammal/mammals?

The acidification of oceans is increasing. Why is this phenomenon a cause of concern? 1. The growth and survival of calcareous phytoplankton will be adversely affected. 2. The growth and survival of coral reefs will be adversely affected. 3. The survival of some animals that have phytoplanktonic larvae will be adversely affected. 4. The cloud seeding and formation of clouds will be adversely affected. Which among the statements given above is/are correct?

What would happen if phytoplankton of an ocean is completely destroyed for some reason? 1. The ocean as a carbon sink would be adversely affected. 2. The food chains in the ocean would be adversely affected. 3. The density of ocean water would drastically decrease. Select the correct answer using the code given below:

The 2004 Tsunami made people realize that mangroves can serve as a reliable safety hedge against coastal calamities. How do mangroves function as a safety hedge?

In the context of ecosystem productivity, marine upwelling zones are important as they increase marine productivity by bringing the:

The marine animal called dugong which is vulnerable to extinction is a/an:

Which one of the following statements best describes the term ‘Social Cost of Carbon’? It is a measure, in monetary value, of the

In the context of which of the following do some scientists suggest the use of cirrus cloud thinning technique and the injection of sulphate aerosol into stratosphere?

Which of the following statements best describes “carbon fertilization”?

The term “sixth mass extinction/ sixth extinction” is often mentioned in the news in the context of the discussion of

In the context of mitigating the impending global warming due to anthropogenic emission of carbon dioxide, which of the following can be the potential sites for carbon sequestration? 1. Abandoned and Uneconomic coal seams 2. Depleted oil and gas reservoirs 3. Subterranean deep saline formations Select the correct answer using the code given below:

The term ‘Intended Nationally Determined Contributions’ is sometimes seen in the news in the context of

The scientific view is that the increase in global temperature should not exceed 2 0 C above pre-industrial level. If the global temperature increases beyond 30 C above the pre-industrial level, what can be its possible impact/impacts on the world? 1. Terrestrial biosphere tends toward a net carbon source. 2. Widespread coral mortality will occur. 3. All the global wetlands will permanently disappear. 4. Cultivation of cereals will not be possible anywhere in the world. Select the correct answer using the code given below:

Which of the following can be threats to the biodiversity of a geographical area? 1. Global warming 2. Fragmentation of habitat 3. Invasion of alien species 4. Promotion of vegetarianism Choose the correct answer using the code given below:

The increasing amount of carbon dioxide in the air is slowly raising the temperature of the atmosphere, because it absorbs

Human activities in the recent past have caused the increased concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, but a lot of it does not remain in the lower atmosphere because 1. its escape into the outer stratosphere 2. the photosynthesis by phytoplankton in the oceans 3. the trapping of air in the polar ice caps. Which of the statements given above is/ are correct?

Consider the following which can be found in the ambient atmosphere: 1. Soot 2. Sulphur hexafluoride 3. Water vapour Which of the above contribute to the warming up of the atmosphere?

With reference to Indian laws about wildlife protection, consider the following statements : 1. Wild animals are the sole property of the government. 2. When a wild animal is declared protected, such animal is entitled for equal protection whether it is found in protected areas or outside. 3. Apprehension of a protected wild animal becoming a danger to human life is sufficient ground for its capture or killing. Which of the statements given above is/are correct ?

The term ‘M-STrIPES’ is sometimes seen in the news in the context of

Recently, for the first time in our country, which of the following States has declared a particular butterfly as ‘State Butterfly’?

Which one of the following is the national aquatic animal of India?

The most important strategy for the conservation of biodiversity together with traditional human life is the establishment of:

Consider the following fauna of India : (1). Gharial (2). Leatherback turtle (3). Swamp deer Which of the above is/are endangered?

Which one of the following groups of animals belongs to the category of endangered species?

Vultures which used to be very common in Indian countryside some years ago are rarely seen nowadays. This is attributed to:

Which one of the following is not a site for in-situ method of conservation of flora?

Consider the following pairs: Plant: Description I. Cassava Woody shrub II. Ginger Herb with pseudostem III. Malabar spinach Herbaceous climber IV. Mint Annual shrub V. Papaya Woody shrub How many of the above pairs are correctly matched?

Consider the following: 1. Carabid beetles 2. Centipedes 3. Flies 4. Termites 5. Wasps Parasitoid species are found in how many of the above kind of organisms?

The organisms Cicada, Froghopper and Pond skater are:

With reference to India’s biodiversity, Ceylon frogmouth, Coppersmith barbet, Graychinned minivet and White-throated redstart are

Recently, there was a growing awareness in our country about the importance of Himalayan nettle (Girardinia diversifolia) because it is found to be a sustainable source of

Why is a plant called Prosopis juliflora often mentioned in news?

Consider the following organisms : 1.Agaricus 2.Nostoc 3.Spirogyra Which of the above is/are used as biofertilizer/biofertilizers?

The Government of India encourages the cultivation of ‘sea buckthorn ‘. What is the importance of this plant? 1. It helps in controlling soil erosion and in preventing desertification. 2. It is a rich source of biodiesel. 3. It has nutritional value and is well-adapted to live in cold areas of high altitudes. 4. Its timber is of great commercial value.

In the context of Indian wild life, the flying fox is a

Consider the following pairs : Wetland/Lake Location 1. Hokera Wetland — Punjab 2. Renuka Wetland — Himachal Pradesh 3. Rudrasagar Lake — Tripura 4. Sasthamkotta Lake — Tamil Nadu How many pairs given above are correctly matched ?

“If rainforests and tropical forests are the lungs of the Earth, then surely wetlands function as its kidneys” Which one of the following functions of wetlands best reflects the above statement?

Consider the following statements: 1. Under Ramsar Convention, it is mandatory on the part of the Government of India to protect and conserve all the wetlands in the territory of India. 2. The Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules, 2010 were framed by the Government of India based on the recommendations of Ramsar Convention. 3. The Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules, 2010 also encompass the drainage area or catchment regions of the wetlands as determined by the authority. Which of the statements given above is / are correct?

If a wetland of international importance is brought under the ‘Montreux Record’, what does it imply?

With reference to a conservation organization called ‘Wetlands International’, which of the following statement/s is/are correct? 1. It is an intergovernmental organization formed by the countries which are signatories to Ramsar Convention. 2. It works at the field level to develop and mobilize knowledge, and use the practical experience to advocate for better policies. Select the correct answer using the code given below:

With reference to the wetlands of India, consider the following statements: 1. The country’s total geographical area under the category of wetlands is recorded more in Gujarat as compared to other States. 2. In India, the total geographical area of coastal wetlands is larger than that of inland wetlands. Which of the statements given above is/ are correct?

India is a party to the Ramsar Convention and has declared many areas as Ramsar Sites. Which of the following statements best describes as to how we should maintain these sites in the context of the Convention.

In India, which one of the following States has the largest inland saline wetland?

Consider the following statements: 1. In India, the Biodiversity Management Committees are key to the realization of the objectives of the Nagoya Protocol. 2. The Biodiversity Management Committees have important functions in determining acces and benefit sharing, including the power to levy collection fees on the access of biological resources within its jurisdiction. Which of the statements given above is/ are correct?

The Himalayan Range is very rich in species diversity. Which one among the following is the most appropriate reason for this phenomenon?

Three of the following criteria have contributed to the recognition of western Ghats, Sri Lanka and Indo-Burma regions as hotspots of biodiversity: 1. Species richness 2. Vegetation density 3. Endemism 4. Ethno-botanical importance 5. Threat perception 6. Adaptation of flora and fauna to warm and humid conditions Which three of the above are correct criteria in this context?

If a tropical rainforest is removed, it does not regenerate quickly as compared to a tropical deciduous forest. This is because

Consider the following statements : 1. Biodiversity hotspots are located only in tropical regions. 2. India has four biodiversity hotspots i.e., Eastern Himalayas, Western Himalayas, Western Ghats and Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Which of the statements given above is/are correct ?

Consider the following regions : 1. Eastern Himalayas 2. Eastern Mediterranean region 3. North-western Australia Which of the above is/are Biodiversity Hotspot(s) ?

Consider the following : 1. Carbon monoxide 2. Nitrogen oxide 3. Ozone 4. Sulphur dioxide Excess of which of the above in the environment is/are cause(s) of acid rain ?

Acid rain is caused by the pollution of environment by

Consider the following: 1. Oxides of Hydrogen 2. Oxides of Nitrogen 3. Oxides of Sulphur Which of the above causes/cause acid rain ?