UPSC CSE Mains
Optional subjects
The official syllabus for all 48 optional subjects — Paper I and Paper II, topic-wise, as notified by UPSC. The optional carries 500 marks — two papers of 250 marks each — and often decides the final rank.
Paper I
250 marks
3 hours
Paper II
250 marks
3 hours
Optional total
500 marks
Counts in the Mains merit
Humanities & Social Sciences
12 subjects
Anthropology
The study of humankind — human evolution, culture and society, and India's tribes and villages.
Paper I · Paper II
Commerce and Accountancy
How businesses account and finance themselves — accounting, taxation, audit and financial management.
Paper I · Paper II
Economics
How economies work — micro and macro theory, and the Indian economy before and after liberalisation.
Paper I · Paper II
Geography
The earth's physical systems and human imprint — plus a full paper on the geography of India.
Paper I · Paper II
History
India's past from prehistory to independence, plus the modern world.
Paper I · Paper II
Law
The law of the land and beyond — constitutional, criminal, contract and international law.
Paper I · Paper II
Management
How organisations are run — managerial functions, finance, marketing, HR and strategy.
Paper I · Paper II
Philosophy
Two thousand years of asking why — Western and Indian philosophy, plus socio-political thought.
Paper I · Paper II
Political Science & International Relations
Political thought and theory, the working of the Indian state, and India's place in the world.
Paper I · Paper II
Psychology
How minds work — perception, learning, personality, and the psychology of organisations.
Paper I · Paper II
Public Administration
How government works — administrative theory, Indian administration and public policy.
Paper I · Paper II
Sociology
How societies hold together and change — sociological theory, and the structure of Indian society.
Paper I · Paper II
Sciences
10 subjects
Agriculture
Crop science and farming systems — soils, agronomy, plant breeding and agricultural economics.
Paper I · Paper II
Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science
Animal nutrition, breeding and health — livestock production and veterinary science.
Paper I · Paper II
Botany
Plant life in full — from microbes and physiology to genetics and ecology.
Paper I · Paper II
Chemistry
The molecular world — atomic structure, bonding, reactions and spectroscopy.
Paper I · Paper II
Geology
Reading the earth — minerals, rocks, fossils, and India's geological history.
Paper I · Paper II
Mathematics
Pure and applied mathematics — algebra, calculus, analysis and mechanics.
Paper I · Paper II
Medical Science
The human body in health and disease — anatomy, physiology, pathology and clinical medicine.
Paper I · Paper II
Physics
Matter, motion and energy — mechanics, electromagnetism, quantum theory and relativity.
Paper I · Paper II
Statistics
Making sense of data — probability, inference, sampling and applied statistics.
Paper I · Paper II
Zoology
Animal life in full — from cells and genetics to ecology and evolution.
Paper I · Paper II
Engineering
3 subjects
Civil Engineering
How the built world stands up — structures, hydraulics, transport and geotechnical engineering.
Paper I · Paper II
Electrical Engineering
Circuits to power systems — electrical machines, control, electronics and power engineering.
Paper I · Paper II
Mechanical Engineering
Machines and how they work — mechanics, thermodynamics, manufacturing and design.
Paper I · Paper II
Literature
23 subjects
Assamese Literature
The Assamese language and its literature — from the Charyapadas and the Vaishnavite age to modern writing.
Paper I · Paper II
Bengali Literature
The Bangla language and its rich literary tradition — history, criticism and prescribed texts.
Paper I · Paper II
Bodo Literature
The Bodo language and its literature — history, criticism and prescribed texts.
Paper I · Paper II
Dogri Literature
The Dogri language and its literature — history, criticism and prescribed texts.
Paper I · Paper II
English Literature
English literature from 1600 to 1990 — drama, poetry, the novel and criticism.
Paper I · Paper II
Gujarati Literature
The Gujarati language and its literature — history, criticism and prescribed texts.
Paper I · Paper II
Hindi Literature
हिंदी भाषा और नागरी लिपि का इतिहास तथा आदिकवियों से आधुनिक युग तक हिंदी साहित्य।
Paper I · Paper II
Kannada Literature
The Kannada language and its literature — from the early poets to the modern age.
Paper I · Paper II
Kashmiri Literature
The Kashmiri language and its literature — history, criticism and prescribed texts.
Paper I · Paper II
Konkani Literature
The Konkani language and its literature — history, criticism and prescribed texts.
Paper I · Paper II
Maithili Literature
The Maithili language and its literature — history, criticism and prescribed texts.
Paper I · Paper II
Malayalam Literature
The Malayalam language and its literature — history, criticism and prescribed texts.
Paper I · Paper II
Manipuri Literature
The Manipuri language and its literature — history, criticism and prescribed texts.
Paper I · Paper II
Marathi Literature
The Marathi language and its literature — from the saint-poets to the modern age.
Paper I · Paper II
Nepali Literature
The Nepali language and its literature — history, criticism and prescribed texts.
Paper I · Paper II
Odia Literature
The Odia language and its literature — history, criticism and prescribed texts.
Paper I · Paper II
Punjabi Literature
The Punjabi language and its literature — from the Nath Yogis to modern writing.
Paper I · Paper II
Sanskrit Literature
The Sanskrit language — grammar, poetics, philosophy and classical texts.
Paper I · Paper II
Santhali Literature
The Santhali language and its literature — history, criticism and prescribed texts.
Paper I · Paper II
Sindhi Literature
The Sindhi language and its literature — history, criticism and prescribed texts.
Paper I · Paper II
Tamil Literature
The Tamil language and its literature — Sangam classics to modern writing.
Paper I · Paper II
Telugu Literature
The Telugu language and its literature — history, criticism and prescribed texts.
Paper I · Paper II
Urdu Literature
The Urdu language and its literature — history, criticism and prescribed texts.
Paper I · Paper II
Latest articles
Geography
Moving India: Roads, Rails, Waterways and the Corridor Economy
Roads carry the load, railways are being unchoked by freight corridors, and the cheapest kilometre of all, water, carries almost nothing: India's transport map and its fixes.
Geography
Where India Lives: Settlements, Towns and the Urban Surge
From dispersed Himalayan homesteads to Dharavi: how settlements are classified, when a village becomes a census town, and why India's cities sprawl, flood and strain.
Geography
People on the Move: Migration Within and Beyond India
The 45 crore internal migrants of Census 2011, the four great streams, the Gulf corridor and the 100-billion-dollar remittance river: India's migration geography in one article.
Geography
One Point Four Billion People: India's Population Map and the Dividend Window
Where India's 1.44 billion actually live, why the Ganga plain carries close to half of them, and how the demographic dividend window to 2055 can be used or lost.