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GS-4

Individual morality case studies: worked answers for personal dilemmas

Six worked GS-4 case studies on individual morality: personal dilemmas of conscience, loyalty, temptation and courage, each with stakeholders, options analysis, a committed answer and the values invoked.

30 September 2026 · 39 min read

GS-4

Ethics in public administration: dilemmas and sources of guidance

Why administration needs ethics, the dilemmas public servants face, and the two great sources of guidance: laws, rules and regulations on one side, conscience on the other.

27 September 2026 · 63 min read

Polity

Constitutional morality: the Constitution's new conscience

Constitutional morality explained: Grote and Ambedkar's idea, its pillars, Navtej Johar and Sabarimala (2018), the clash with popular morality, criticisms, and the GS-II 2025 fulcrum question.

27 September 2026 · 26 min read

Polity

Directive Principles: the Constitution's conscience

The Directive Principles decoded: their Irish origin, the three families, the thirty-year war with fundamental rights, and the Minerva Mills harmony doctrine.

27 September 2026 · 30 min read