Search the library

Polity

President's Rule: Article 356 and Its History of Misuse

From Kerala 1959 to Bommai 1994: how Article 356 was misused over a hundred times, and the judicial and constitutional safeguards that finally caged President's Rule.

27 September 2026 · 28 min read

Polity

Comparing Constitutions: India, the United States and Britain

How India's Constitution compares with the American and British models: parliamentary versus presidential, federal versus unitary, rigid versus flexible, and who guards rights.

27 September 2026 · 30 min read

Polity

The Vice-President and the Council of Ministers: where executive power sits

The Vice-President as Rajya Sabha Chairman and stand-in President, and the Council of Ministers: binding advice, collective responsibility, and the Cabinet within.

27 September 2026 · 34 min read

Polity

How the Constitution is amended: Article 368 and the three types

Article 368 decoded: the three types of constitutional amendment, the special-majority procedure, state ratification, compulsory presidential assent, and the procedural and substantive limits on Parliament's power.

27 September 2026 · 34 min read

Polity

President, Prime Minister, Governor: who really holds executive power

The President who must act on advice, the Prime Minister who actually governs, and the Governor whose office has become the Constitution's most contested appointment.

27 September 2026 · 41 min read