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World History

1911 to 1949: How China Buried an Empire and Built a Revolution

China ended imperial rule in 1911, then spent four decades in warlordism, united fronts and civil war. How the communists moved from the cities to the countryside, survived the Long March, and proclaimed the People's Republic in 1949.

1 October 2026 · 21 min read

Governance

Consumer protection in India: the 2019 Act, the CCPA and dark patterns

The Consumer Protection Act 2019 and its three-tier commissions, the CCPA’s powers and enforcement record, the 13 dark patterns, e-commerce rules and the e-Jagriti platform.

30 September 2026 · 16 min read

Polity

FDI in Indian media: why news is capped at 26% and entertainment is open at 100%

India caps foreign ownership of news media at 26-49% through the government route while opening entertainment to 100%. The full caps table, the 2019 digital turn, security conditions, and the 2026 draft broadcasting rules.

30 September 2026 · 10 min read

Polity

The Indian party system: from one-party dominance to the return of coalition politics

India's party system has been remade four times since 1952: Congress dominance, the post-1967 unravelling, the 1989-2014 coalition era, and the post-2024 reset. The full anatomy, with ECI recognition rules and the Tenth Schedule.

30 September 2026 · 15 min read

CSAT

Data Sufficiency for CSAT

Crack data sufficiency in CSAT Paper II: the four verdicts, the sufficiency-not-solution rule, the alone-first method, classic traps, and practice questions with full solutions.

29 September 2026 · 10 min read

CSAT

Cube and Dice for CSAT

Master opposite-face rules, the standard dice, painted-cube counting formulas and cut-piece logic for CSAT Paper II, with worked examples and practice questions.

29 September 2026 · 10 min read

CSAT

Seating Arrangement for CSAT: Linear and Circular

Crack CSAT seating arrangement sets: linear rows, circular tables, facing rules, and must-be-true logic, with solved UPSC examples.

29 September 2026 · 13 min read

CSAT

Coding-Decoding for CSAT: Concepts, Patterns and Practice

Master the hidden rules behind CSAT coding questions: letter shifts, reversals, number codes, and sentence coding, with solved UPSC examples.

29 September 2026 · 12 min read

CSAT

Permutation and Combination for CSAT: PYQs Explained

Permutations, combinations and counting rules explained from zero, then applied to real UPSC PYQs: paintings, roads, handshakes, task assignments and selection puzzles.

29 September 2026 · 12 min read

CSAT

Venn Diagrams for CSAT: Two-Set and Three-Set Problems

A Venn diagram turns overlap questions into arithmetic. Learn the inclusion-exclusion rule for two and three sets, then solve real UPSC PYQs on newspapers, magazines and exam results.

29 September 2026 · 12 min read

CSAT

Partnership for CSAT: Capital, Time and Profit Sharing

Master Partnership for CSAT Paper II: the capital-time rule, compound partnerships, working-partner commission, missing capital or time, ratio puzzles and PYQs.

29 September 2026 · 11 min read

CSAT

Problems on Ages for CSAT

Problems on ages for CSAT: the constant-difference rule, the k method for ratio ages, past and future ratios, and sum/average of ages, with worked examples and practice MCQs.

29 September 2026 · 11 min read

CSAT

Number System for CSAT

The number system is the backbone of CSAT quant: divisibility rules, primes, factors, HCF and LCM, remainders and unit digits explained with worked examples, common traps and practice questions.

29 September 2026 · 11 min read

Agriculture

Farm Subsidies, MSP and the WTO

From regressive input subsidies and fertiliser DBT to the 22-versus-23 MSP puzzle, price-deficiency mechanics, and the WTO rulebook: AoA pillars, Amber Box, de minimis, the Peace Clause and the SSM.

29 September 2026 · 38 min read

Internal Security

The Narrative War: Media and Social Media

Traditional media's watchdog role, social media's threat vectors from radicalisation to deepfakes, and India's regulatory stack from Article 19 to the IT Rules, 2021: the complete GS-3 guide.

29 September 2026 · 31 min read

Internal Security

Following the Money: Money Laundering and Terror Funding

The three stages of laundering, its economic and security damage, India's PMLA architecture, the FATF rulebook, crypto-era challenges and the NMFT 2022 platform.

29 September 2026 · 33 min read

Polity

Law Officers of India: Attorney General, Solicitor General and Advocate General

The Attorney General under Article 76, the Solicitor General and Additional Solicitors General under the 1987 Rules, and the Advocate General under Article 165: who India's law officers are, what they do, and how they differ from the Law Minister.

29 September 2026 · 20 min read

Science & Tech

The Quantum Leap: Quantum Technologies and the National Quantum Mission

Quantum technology harnesses the strange rules of the subatomic world for computing, unbreakable communication and ultra-precise sensing. India's National Quantum Mission, with a ₹6,003.65 crore outlay, aims to make the country a leader in this second quantum revolution.

28 September 2026 · 32 min read

Science & Tech

Machines That Learn: Artificial Intelligence

From the IndiaAI Mission's Rs 10,372-crore bet to the IT Rules 2026 crackdown on deepfakes, what AI is, how India governs it, and why trustworthy AI is now a UPSC staple.

28 September 2026 · 56 min read

Environment

What We Throw Away: Waste Management in India

India generates 170,000 tonnes of solid waste daily. This primer covers the waste streams, the SWM Rules 2026, plastic and e-waste regulation, EPR, and the informal workers who recycle India.

28 September 2026 · 45 min read

Modern History

1916: the Home Rule Leagues and the year nationalism went year-round

Tilak's and Besant's Home Rule Leagues (1916) demanded self-government within the Empire, built India's first year-round political machine, and forced the Montagu Declaration.

28 September 2026 · 19 min read

Modern History

A century of sparks: the civil uprisings before 1857

Paika, Pazhassi Raja, Velu Thampi, the Poligars, Kukas, Pagal Panthis and a dozen more: the civil uprisings that shook Company rule before 1857, with leaders, regions and causes.

28 September 2026 · 35 min read

Modern History

The men who ruled India: Governor-Generals and Viceroys, and the reforms prelims loves to match

From Warren Hastings to Mountbatten: who ruled India, when, and which reform belongs to whom. The viceroy-reform match-list is prelims' favourite format; this article is its home.

28 September 2026 · 35 min read

Economy

The Budget Is Not Just a Speech: Fiscal Policy, Deficits and the FRBM Rulebook

Article 112 to the FRBM Act: how the Union Budget is built, what the three deficits really mean, and why gender budgeting now tops Rs 5 lakh crore.

28 September 2026 · 47 min read

Geography

The Economic Map of the World: Farms, Trade Blocs and the Chokepoints That Rule Trade

From shifting cultivation to plantation belts, trade blocs to the Strait of Malacca - how the world's farms, factories and shipping lanes fit together, and where India plugs in.

27 September 2026 · 33 min read

World History

1917: The Year Russia Rewrote the Rules of Power

In eight months, Russia buried a 300-year monarchy and birthed the world's first socialist state. The causes, the two revolutions of 1917, and why the shockwaves reached all the way to India.

27 September 2026 · 15 min read

World History

Carving the World: Colonialism and the New Imperialism

In one generation, Africa went from 10% to nearly 100% under European rule. The causes, methods, and consequences of the New Imperialism, UPSC GS-1 notes on colonialism and empire.

27 September 2026 · 13 min read

Modern History

The Classroom Raj: Education Under British Rule

Macaulay's Minute, Wood's Despatch, and a century of commissions: how colonial education built clerks, and accidentally built nationalists.

27 September 2026 · 34 min read

Modern History

Ink Against Empire: The Press Under British Rule

From Hickey's Gazette to the Vernacular Press Act: how the nationalist press defied censorship and became a weapon of the freedom struggle.

27 September 2026 · 34 min read

Modern History

From Company Rule to Freedom: The Constitutional Arc, 1773-1947

From the Regulating Act of 1773 to the Independence Act of 1947 - the full constitutional arc that taught India the grammar of modern government.

27 September 2026 · 34 min read