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Post-Independence India

The Streets Speak: Social Movements in Post-Independence India

From anti-Hindi agitations to farm-law repeals, from Dalit Panthers to Pinjra Tod: how organised ordinary people, outside parties and Parliament, kept rewriting the republic.

30 September 2026 · 24 min read

Polity

How India redraws its own map: Articles 3 and 4, from 1956 to Telangana

Articles 3 and 4 let Parliament create states by simple majority: the SRC, the 1956 linguistic settlement, the 2000 trio, Telangana 2014, and the district-creation debate. Full timeline tables inside.

30 September 2026 · 13 min read

Modern History

From traders to rulers: how the Company built its government machine (1773-1857)

Between 1773 and 1857 the Company stopped being a business and became a government, with Acts of Parliament, a steel-frame bureaucracy, Cornwallis's courts and the thana-daroga police. How the machine was built.

27 September 2026 · 28 min read

Polity

Comparing Constitutions: India, the United States and Britain

How India's Constitution compares with the American and British models: parliamentary versus presidential, federal versus unitary, rigid versus flexible, and who guards rights.

27 September 2026 · 30 min read

Polity

Money Bills, Financial Bills and the Budget: where Parliament's purse strings lie

Money Bills under Articles 109-110, the Speaker's certification and the Aadhaar controversy, Financial Bills, and the six stages of the Union Budget.

27 September 2026 · 30 min read

Polity

Parliamentary Committees: the mini-parliaments that do the real work

Inside Parliament's committee rooms: the three financial watchdogs, the 24 departmental standing committees, JPCs, and why referrals collapsed from 71 to 17 percent.

27 September 2026 · 22 min read

Polity

Two houses, one Parliament: Lok Sabha vs Rajya Sabha, sessions and devices

Lok Sabha versus Rajya Sabha: composition, terms, sessions, presiding officers, and the daily devices, Question Hour to no-confidence motions, through which Parliament works.

27 September 2026 · 34 min read

Polity

Basic structure doctrine: from Kesavananda to the NJAC case

The basic structure doctrine from Kesavananda (1973) to the NJAC case (2015): the 7:6 verdict, Minerva Mills, Waman Rao, the recognised elements, and why this unwritten limit on Parliament remains UPSC's favourite debate.

27 September 2026 · 28 min read

Polity

How the Constitution is amended: Article 368 and the three types

Article 368 decoded: the three types of constitutional amendment, the special-majority procedure, state ratification, compulsory presidential assent, and the procedural and substantive limits on Parliament's power.

27 September 2026 · 34 min read

Polity

Salient features of the Indian Constitution: why no other constitution looks like it

The longest written constitution in the world, decoded: its borrowed sources, its quasi-federal design, parliamentary republic, rights architecture, and the philosophy of socialism and secularism underneath.

27 September 2026 · 37 min read

Polity

Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles, Fundamental Duties: the constitutional trinity

Fundamental Rights you can enforce, Directive Principles the state must pursue, and Duties you owe in return, plus the great Parliament-versus-court battles that defined their relationship.

27 September 2026 · 43 min read

Polity

How a bill becomes law: the four roads through Parliament

Money bills, financial bills, ordinary bills and amendment bills each travel a different road through Parliament. Here is the full map, including the joint sitting that has happened only three times.

27 September 2026 · 27 min read