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30 results for “reforms”
Polity
The Missing Half of the Bench: Women in India's Judiciary
Only 11 women have ever sat on the Supreme Court. The data, the barriers, the reform agenda: women in India's judiciary, explained for Prelims and Mains.
30 September 2026 · 6 min read
Agriculture
Land Reforms in India: From Zamindari Abolition to Digital Titling
The complete arc of land reforms: zamindari abolition, ceiling laws, tenancy and consolidation, contract farming, Bhoodan, regional variations, and the ULPIN-SVAMITVA digital titling frontier.
29 September 2026 · 32 min read
Agriculture
Agricultural Storage, Transport and Marketing in India
Cold chain gaps, the NABCONS loss figures, FCI storage issues, the full Shanta Kumar Committee recommendations, APMC reforms, e-NAM's 2026 numbers, supply chain management and the tomato cobweb.
29 September 2026 · 36 min read
Internal Security
Building Atmanirbhar Defence: Modernisation and Indigenisation
From DAP 2020 and iDEX to theatre commands, the Agniveer reform and the lessons of Operation Sindoor: how India is rebuilding its military for hybrid warfare and strategic autonomy.
29 September 2026 · 36 min read
Disaster Management
The Law of Disasters: DM Act 2005 and the 2025 Amendment
The complete legal story: the DM Act 2005's institutions and funds, the 2025 Amendment's seven reforms (UDMA, SDRF, databases, statutory NCMC), the financing architecture, the 2009 Policy, NDMP 2019 and the PM's 10-point agenda.
29 September 2026 · 27 min read
Governance
Land records modernisation in India: DILRMP, ULPIN and the road to conclusive titling
From presumptive paper records to Bhu-Aadhaar: how DILRMP, ULPIN, SVAMITVA and state portals are modernising India's land records, and why conclusive titling remains the unfinished reform.
29 September 2026 · 25 min read
International Relations
India-Africa relations: the Global South partnership
From anti-colonial solidarity to the AU's G20 seat: trade above $100 billion, Lines of Credit, critical minerals, maritime security, and the 54 votes that decide UNSC reform.
28 September 2026 · 13 min read
Environment
Before the First Brick: EIA and PARIVESH
EIA is India's gatekeeper between development projects and the environment. This article explains the EIA process, the 2006 Notification, the PARIVESH portal, and the reforms reshaping green clearances.
28 September 2026 · 49 min read
Modern History
The men who ruled India: Governor-Generals and Viceroys, and the reforms prelims loves to match
From Warren Hastings to Mountbatten: who ruled India, when, and which reform belongs to whom. The viceroy-reform match-list is prelims' favourite format; this article is its home.
28 September 2026 · 35 min read
Economy
The Planners: From Five-Year Plans to NITI Aayog, and the 1991 Turn
From Visvesvaraya's 1934 blueprint to the Five-Year Plans, the 1991 LPG reforms and NITI Aayog, the complete story of planning in India, with the plan-by-plan table UPSC loves.
28 September 2026 · 44 min read
Economy
Why India Struggles to Make Things: Industrial Policy, MSMEs and Labour Reform
Manufacturing at 17% of GDP, PLI's Rs 1.97 lakh crore bet, 25 crore MSME jobs and four new labour codes, inside India's industrial-policy push.
28 September 2026 · 53 min read
Economy
Growth Is Not Development: Reading the Indian Economy Right
GDP makes headlines; development changes lives. A primer on India's sectoral structure, the growth-vs-development distinction UPSC loves, and the 1991 reforms that rebuilt the economy.
28 September 2026 · 34 min read
Post-Independence India
77 Years on One Page: The Master Timeline of Independent India
Every high-yield date from 1947 to 2024 on one page: independence, wars, Emergency, 1991 reforms, Pokhran-II, GST, Chandrayaan-3. The rapid-revision spine of the whole library.
27 September 2026 · 59 min read
Post-Independence India
1991: The Year India Pawned Its Gold and Freed Its Economy
In 1991, India's forex reserves crashed to about $1 billion and gold was pledged abroad. Weeks later, Rao and Manmohan Singh launched the LPG reforms that ended the Licence Raj. This is the full story of the crisis and the cure.
27 September 2026 · 28 min read
Post-Independence India
From Zamindars to HYV Seeds: Land Reforms and the Green Revolution
From zamindars to HYV seeds: how land reforms broke feudalism on paper, why ceilings failed, what Vinoba Bhave's Bhoodan achieved, and how the Green Revolution ended hunger while poisoning the soil.
27 September 2026 · 35 min read
Modern History
The Indian Renaissance: Reformers Who Rebuilt a Society Before a Nation
Before India could imagine a nation, it had to reimagine its society. Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Dayanand, Vivekananda and Ranade rebuilt Indian self-confidence - and that confidence became nationalism.
27 September 2026 · 42 min read
Medieval History
The Reformer and the Visionary: Alauddin's Markets and Tughlaq's Experiments
One Sultan fixed the price of everything from grain to horses to fund history's first standing army in India. His successor tried to move the capital 1,500 km, print token currency, and tax a famine-struck doab, and failed spectacularly at all three. The Khaljis and Tughlaqs, explained.
27 September 2026 · 34 min read
GS-4
Human values: lessons from great leaders, reformers and administrators
Human values learned from Gandhi, Vivekananda, Ambedkar, Patel, Kalam and administrators like Sreedharan and Khemka, and how family, society and schools inculcate values.
27 September 2026 · 51 min read
Social Justice
Food security: NFSA, PDS reform and PMGKAY
How India feeds 81.35 crore people: the NFSA's legal entitlements, the digitised and portable PDS, and PMGKAY's free-foodgrain record.
27 September 2026 · 26 min read
Social Justice
Poverty alleviation: programmes, gaps and the way forward
From MGNREGA to DAY-NRLM and PM Awas: a review of India's poverty-alleviation programmes, why outcomes lag outlays, and what a credible reform agenda looks like.
27 September 2026 · 33 min read
Social Justice
Higher education and the three-language question
GER gaps, NAAC accreditation, NEP 2020 reforms, research funding, foreign campuses and the three-language formula: the full GS-II guide to higher education in India.
27 September 2026 · 44 min read
Social Justice
School education: RTE, NEP 2020 and the learning crisis
The RTE Act 2009, NEP 2020 school reforms, the ASER learning crisis and the teacher problem: a complete GS-II guide to school education in India.
27 September 2026 · 45 min read
International Relations
The IMF and World Bank: Bretton Woods at 80
Built in 1944 for a dollar-centred world, the IMF and World Bank still run global finance, but emerging economies say the governance never caught up. India's quota fight, the new rival banks, and what reform means.
27 September 2026 · 15 min read
International Relations
The UN and UNSC reform: India's permanent-membership bid
The Security Council still reflects the power map of 1945. Why India claims a permanent seat, how the G4 coalition pushes for expansion, and what blocks the bid: China, the Coffee Club, and the veto question.
27 September 2026 · 20 min read
International Relations
BRICS: expansion, the NDB and India's balancing act
From a Goldman Sachs acronym to an eleven-member bloc: what BRICS enlargement means, how the New Development Bank works, and how India uses its 2026 presidency to keep the grouping reform-oriented.
27 September 2026 · 20 min read
Governance
Prisons and custodial justice: reforming India’s jails
India’s prisons run at 131 per cent capacity with three-fourths of inmates still awaiting trial. The overcrowding crisis, the undertrial tragedy, the D.K. Basu safeguards and the Model Prisons and Correctional Services Act, 2023.
27 September 2026 · 17 min read
Governance
Police reforms: the unfinished agenda from Prakash Singh to SMART policing
Governed by an 1861 colonial Act and seven binding Supreme Court directives that states keep diluting, the police remain India’s most visibly unreformed institution. The Prakash Singh judgment, the Model Police Act, and why reform stalls.
27 September 2026 · 19 min read
Governance
Reforming the steel frame: lateral entry, Mission Karmayogi and the ARC reports
The steel frame creaks under politicisation, the transfer raj and generalism. The committee lineage from the First ARC to the Baswan Committee, the lateral entry debate, and Mission Karmayogi’s attempt to turn karmacharis into karmayogis.
27 September 2026 · 34 min read
Governance
Regulatory bodies in India: why the umpire must be independent
Born after the 1991 reforms, India’s regulators referee everything from telecom to food safety. Why they exist, what powers they wield, and why their independence is always under negotiation.
27 September 2026 · 24 min read
Polity
Electoral systems and reforms: FPTP vs PR, delimitation and the reform library
First-past-the-post versus proportional representation, the frozen delimitation, the Tarkunde-Goswami-Indrajit Gupta reform library, and the one nation one election debate.
27 September 2026 · 40 min read